First, the steps of mining
The steps of mining the deposit are generally carried out in three steps: development, picking and cutting, and mining. These two steps reflect different stages of work and different levels of mining readiness.
(1) Development
The development of the deposit is to dig a series of basic roadways and diverticulum access to the ore body from the ground to form a complete system of transportation, ventilation, drainage, gas, air supply and water supply, so as to carry out the mining, cutting and mining work in the deposit ( Figure 3-1-8). The roadways that are used to develop mineral deposits are called open roadways, which are used to transport ore, waste rock, materials, equipment, and ventilation, drainage and pedestrians. Among the pioneering roadways are: wellbore (shaft and inclined well), Pingyi, Shimen, bottom pit and its diverticulum, stage roadway, main chute and filling well.
Figure 3-1-8 Mining step and tertiary reserve map
1 main well; 2 - Shimen; 3 - leveling; 4 a patio; 5 - auxiliary well; 6 - funnel and bottom; 7 - rice zone;
(2) Acquisition and cutting
In the stage and panel area, the tunneling and cutting lanes are boring. The purpose of tunneling and mining roadway is to divide the mining area or the mining wall on the one hand, and to solve the problems of pedestrians, transportation and ventilation in the mining area and the mining wall on the other hand. The purpose of tunneling the cutting roadway is to further create the necessary mining conditions in the mining area or the mining wall where the mining roadway has been dug, so that a large amount of mining work can be started. As shown in Figure 3-1-8, the tunneling 4, the funnel and the bottom 6 are classified and cut. The mining of the roadway is different depending on the mining method, and will be described in detail later when introducing the mining method.
(3) Recovery
In the mining area or mine wall where the mining and cutting work has been done, all the production processes for a large number of mining operations are called recovery. It includes three main operations: collapse, ore transportation and ground pressure management.
Relationship between secondary and tertiary reserves and mining steps
According to the preparation degree of mining, the ore reserves can be divided into three levels, namely, exploiting reserves, mining reserves and reserve reserves. These three reserves are called tertiary reserves.
(1) Exploiting reserves
Through the excavation and development of the roadway, a certain transportation, ventilation and drainage system has been formed. The deposits in the area controlled by these pioneering roadways are called exploiting minerals, as shown in the fourth stage or above in Figure 3-1-8.
(2) Acquisition of reserves
It is part of the exploitation of minerals. Where the mining area or the mining wall, the amount of mining work specified in the mining method is completed, and the reserves in these mining areas or mine walls are called mining reserves. As shown in Figure 3-1-8, the ore amount above the third stage is the acquisition reserve.
(3) Reserves
It is part of the acquisition reserve. The reserves of the cutting engineering quantity specified in the mining method in the mining area or the mining wall are called reserve reserves. As shown in Figure 3-1-8, the first stage and the second stage are part of the cutting work, which is the reserve.
In the three steps of mining above, in the initial stage of mining, each mining step is carried out in sequence, that is, the required three-level reserves can be put into production according to the infrastructure schedule; in the normal production period (ie, after the production), the implementation should be implemented. The principle of "excavating and cultivating first." Generally, it is necessary to ensure the indicators of the three-level reserves, otherwise there will be mining disorders, which will cause the mining production to be in a chaotic and passive situation. Therefore, it is necessary to follow the principle of pioneering the advance and adopting the advanced mining. Only in this way can the production of the mine be sustained, stable and balanced. This is because development, precision and cutting reflect the level of readiness for mining. The advanced relationship between the above three steps, the degree of preparation is usually expressed by the mining time required for the three-level ore provided by the tunneling, mining, and mining roadway. In general, mines should have more than three years of mining capacity, about one year of mining and mining, and about six months of preparation.
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