The flotation process is generally defined as the general term for the flow of slurry through various operations during ore flotation. Different types of ore use different process treatments. Therefore, the process also reflects the process characteristics of the treated ore, so it is often referred to as the flotation process.
   The choice of flotation process depends mainly on the nature of the ore and the quality of the concentrate. The ore properties are mainly: the ore grade and material composition; the embedding characteristics and symbiotic relationship of useful minerals in the ore; the muddy condition of the ore in the grinding process; the physicochemical properties of the mineral. In addition, the scale of the plant selection and technical and economic conditions are also the basis for determining the flotation process. Different scales and technical and economic conditions often determine the complexity of the flotation process. Smaller factories with poorer technical and economic conditions should not adopt more complicated processes; large-scale, better technical and economical plants, in order to maximize the technical and economic effects, more complex Flotation process. It should be noted that sometimes a variety of useful minerals are closely symbiotic. For such complex ore flotation process can not be a single integrated maximize recovery of various useful ingredients employed must often combined with other flotation beneficiation process or metallurgical methods.
   When selecting a flotation process, you must determine the principle flow of the flotation and the internal structure of the flotation process.
   The task of selecting the flotation principle process is to solve the problem of the number of segments in the flotation process and the flotation order of useful minerals. In practice, the number of sections of the flotation is divided by the number of grinding sections and the flotation operation. Generally, it can be divided into a flotation process and a stage grinding phase selection process. The ore is ground to the required particle size at a time, and then the flotation process of the final concentrate is obtained by flotation, which is called a flotation process (Fig. 1); wherein the grinding can be one or several segments. The stage grinding and stage flotation are based on the order of coarse and fine, and the useful minerals of different inlay sizes are dissociated by grinding, and the processes of the useful minerals that have been dissociated are selected one by one. The stage grinding and stage flotation process can be divided into three cases: (1) tailings regrind and re-election process (Fig. 2); (2) rough concentrate re-grinding and re-election process (Fig. 3); The middle mine re-grinding process (Figure 4).
Figure 1 Figure 2
Figure 3 Figure 4
Figure 5
   Ores (e.g., including copper, lead and zinc sulphides ore) principle flotation process, can be divided into:
   The direct priority flotation process sequentially floshes the flotation process of various useful minerals, called the priority flotation process (Figure 5). The characteristics of the process can adapt to the change of ore grade and have high flexibility. It is suitable for the original sulfide ore with higher ore grade, such as the flotation process of Xilin, Fankou and Lechang lead-zinc ore dressing plants in Sweden, Sweden. This is the case for the flotation process at the Laisvall lead-zinc plant.
The mixed flotation process first floats all the useful minerals in the ore together to obtain a mixed concentrate, and then separates the mixed concentrates into various useful minerals. The process is called a mixed flotation process (Fig. 6); this process adapts to the ore. The total content of medium sulfide minerals is not high, the symbiotic bonds between sulfide minerals are complex, the structure is complex, and the ore with fine grain size is embedded. It can simplify the process and reduce the excessive pulverization of minerals, thus facilitating sorting. The former Soviet Union Almac lead-zinc mine used this process to obtain higher than the priority flotation process, the lead concentrate grade increased by 10%, the zinc concentrate grade increased by 4.5%, and the ore comprehensive utilization rate increased from 75.4%. to 83.7%, labor productivity doubled, my Qingchengzi lead and zinc processing plant, small iron copper mine processing plant production processes also belongs to this category.
Figure 6 Figure 7 Figure 8
   Partially mixed flotation process The process of first separating the two useful minerals in the ore to obtain a mixed concentrate and then separating the mixed concentrate into a single concentrate is called a partial mixing flotation process (Figure 7). This is the most widely used process in production. When the grade of copper, molybdenum , copper, lead, copper and zinc, lead and zinc in the ore is low, it is often economical to use such a process. China's Taolin, Huanren, Tianbaoshan, Hesan, Zhanggongling, Xiangxi, and Eight Such processes are used in copper, lead and zinc plants.
The floatable flotation process is based on the floatability of minerals in the ore, and the flotation is good, medium and poor minerals are selected in turn, and then the mixed concentrates are sorted out and useful. The process of minerals, called the flotation flotation process (Fig. 8), such as the Huangshaping lead-zinc ore dressing plant in China, the process of the original Soviet Cezkarz cognac lead ore plant.
In order to adapt to the trend of ore turning to “poor, fine and miscellaneousâ€, most of the flotation processes in the world are developing. While ensuring a high number and quality indicators, the comprehensive utilization of ore is the focus of the reform process. The development of the process structure mainly has the following aspects:
(1) Stage grinding process is valued One type of “L-(Cleaner-Scavenger) process†(Fig. 9) has become a model for processing large-scale molybdenum-bearing porphyry copper ore beneficiation. It has played a positive role in expanding the raw material base of the copper and molybdenum industry because it can promote the production of new lean deposits and utilize the medium and low grade ore of the mined mines.
The "LS Process" is essentially a hybrid-priority process. It has the following advantages: [next]
1The process, equipment and design layout are not complicated. Due to the closed-circuit regulation, the automatic control is reliable and the production is stable.
2 In the various beneficiation stages, the control of grinding and flotation and the adjustment of conditions (mineral particle size, slurry concentration, pharmaceutical system, treatment time, etc.) are very favorable and unique;
3 The first stage of the beneficiation mill and the flotation machine have high productivity, the lowest investment and operating expenses, and the high process index;
4 The large amount of waste tailings discharged during the production process has a coarse particle size and is easy to stack. It can then be used in construction and other industries, and can also be used as a filling material for underground mining.
Figure 9 Figure 10
The above advantages are very important for the economic efficiency and production stability of the plant.
(2) Grading-level flotation and intermediate flotation, fractionation-level flotation and silt separation process, in order to expand the lower limit of particle size recovery of fine-grained minerals when processing ore with fine-grained, easily muddy and mud-rich ore Reduce the interference of slime, rational use of drugs, etc., fractional flotation and mud and sand sorting processes as a new process to improve the efficiency of sorting, such as the special temperature in the United States, the Morgan Hill in Australia The copper ore beneficiation plant, the former Soviet Union Zhezkazgan and the Bakhash selection plant, and the Japanese Songfeng plant were all using the mud and sand separation process, and the process indicators have been greatly improved.
Intermediate flotation The use of intermediate flotation under coarse grinding conditions is an effective measure to reduce the mineral mudation of the monomer dissociation state. Production practice shows that there are quite a few useful minerals in the coarse-grained grade after coarse grinding. This monomer dissociation is not able to overflow with the cyclone into the flotation circuit due to its coarse particle size, but it does not need to be floated before flotation. Re-grinding, for this purpose, the intermediate flotation is designed to recover the dissociated coarse ore particles in time, and the tailings are sent to the classification operation or returned to the grinding (see Figure 10). Therefore, the over-grinding phenomenon is obviously alleviated, and the useful minerals are in the fineness. The amount of loss has decreased. At the same time, the average particle size of the final concentrate increases, which helps to filter and reduce the moisture of the filter cake. In recent years, the coarse flotation cell and flash flotation method developed by Outokumpu of Finland will make the intermediate flotation process more perfect and practical.
(3) Branch flotation process As shown in Fig. 11, it has a lower ore grade ore. It can improve the original ore grade by itself; the refractory and fine-grained part of the pulp can be carried as the carrier by the former flotation product (foam); it can also reduce the drug consumption by means of the remaining medicament in the former foam product. These advantages are considered to be good conditions for improving the beneficiation index. Our Silver Hill lead and zinc processing plant applied in the process of transformation process, and achieved good results.
Figure 11
(4) Pre-selection of heavy medium—Flotation process Pre-selection of heavy medium before flotation of lead-zinc ore can greatly abandon waste (35 to 40% of waste), improve the grade of ore, and gradually decrease the grade of ore. Under, to ensure or improve the metal recovery rate. Lead-zinc ore heavy medium pre-selection-flotation process is increasingly widely used. For example, after the pre-selection of heavy ore in the original ore by the Lennongorsk plant in the former Soviet Union, the heavy product and the fine-grain grade ore are separately treated to increase the metal recovery rate by 2~. 2.5%, while reducing processing costs. In addition, such as the former Soviet Zlynovsk and Dikske, the United States Bab-Barnes, Japan's fine, the Canadian Suliwan, West Germany, Germany, Azul Salda of Masua, and Poland The sulphide ore, oxidized ore and mixed lead-zinc ore dressing plants of Yankusuke have successfully adopted the heavy medium pre-selection process. This process has also been adopted in China's Chaihe lead-zinc ore dressing plant.
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