1 Proposal With the gradual upgrading of the tool system and the requirements for the mechanical environment, the current internationally popular all-powerful short-cone modular tool system. The system occupies the commanding height of the modular tool system with high positioning accuracy, reliable balance performance, and good rigidity and toughness, and has a great potential to replace the 7:24 taper shank. Because the 7:24 taper shank is completely positioned on the taper surface, and it has a large volume, a low speed, and a long time for repeated tool change, it is far from being able to handle the processing of high-precision products. At present, many international tool manufacturers have introduced the all-round short-cone modular tool system: In 1987 Kennametal and Widia of Germany jointly developed the "1:10 short-cone KM module tool system", and for the first time put forward the dual positioning of face and taper. principle. Then Sandvik of Sweden proposed the "Triangle Short Taper CAPTO Tool System", and Germany officially issued the DIN 69893 standard in 1993, namely the HSK tool handle standard, which is basically similar to the KM system. Several systems complement each other and set off a heat wave in the tool industry. 2 Working principle The KM, HSK and CAPTO systems are divided into manual and maneuverable. They are based on the double-fitting principle. Under the effect of sufficient tension, the short taper shank produces a certain elastic deformation and fits with the tapered surface. The dual positioning of the taper shoulder face and the taper face is achieved, because the structure of the two is different, and its working principle is also different. 
(a) Fastening of the nail from behind
(b) Face fastening
(c) Pull rods to manipulate expansion sleeves for fastening Fig. 1 CAPTO clamping system CAPTO system As shown in Fig. 1, there are three methods for clamping. The first method is applicable to rotary tools used in machining centers, with a center pull screw at the back. The fastening head module is shown in Figure 1 (a); the second method is to fasten the head module from the end face (1b); the third method is to use a tie rod to press an expansion sleeve into the inner groove of the tool. A solid connection is formed, suitable for turning and turning tools for lathes are shown in (1c).
(a) Steel ball locking mechanism
(b) Snap spring locking mechanism Fig. 2 KM, HSK clamping system KM, HSK system Fig. 2, the first type of KM structure, the clamping unit adopts a roller ball rolling system with locking. By rotating the torque screw rod to move in the radial direction, the ball is pushed into the raceway of the cutting unit. The raceway has a 35° cone. The steel ball moves the cutting unit along the cone to the clamping unit, and the press fit under compression is achieved. Achieve double positioning as shown in Figure 2(a). The second type of HSK structure adopts a circlip mechanism to rotate the pull studs, and the use of the guide sleeve causes the deformation of the circlip to achieve double positioning as shown in FIG. 2(b). The motorized locking means no need to use a wrench. The automatic quick change tool system has the processing capability of the tool storage. By activating the signal of the machine control system, the tool can be quickly changed. 3 Features The same point uses a small taper The traditional 7:24 taper shank taper is larger than the short taper taper, taper taper taper handle is easy to process, and its positioning performance is good. Dual positioning
Figure 3 Double positioning In principle, high positioning accuracy can only be achieved with no clearance fit, and the 1:10 short-cone system uses this principle. Under the action of sufficient tension, the use of taper elastic deformation produces an interference fit to achieve double positioning of the end face and the taper. Therefore, its accuracy is high and the connection rigidity is good (see Figure 3). High repeat positioning accuracy It is a high-precision center linear system, its radial, axial repeatability can reach ± ​​0.0025mm 3.1.4 Short tool change time According to the actual measurement, the system tool change time is only 30s. Tool management systemization In view of the small size and light weight of this system, it is convenient for quick change. It is suitable for large-scale machining centers. The tool can be systematically managed and the tool setting and inspection can be unified. Balanced Performance Stable Short-cone design principle strives for stable dynamic balance, that is, when the system approaches high rotation speed and accuracy, the balance performance of the system remains unchanged. The cutting unit of the cooling mechanism in the internal cooling system or the boring tool with the internal cooling unit can greatly increase the tool life. Large clamping force, small locking torque compared with the general taper positioning, the locking force is 5 to 7 times the conventional, and the locking torque 25 handle is 2.5 ~ 3.5N · m, generating a radial pressure of 2.8kN ; 100 handle locking torque is 181.6 ~ 242.7N · m, resulting in a radial pressure of 43.9kN. difference
Figure 4. Axial and radial force distribution torque transmission methods Different CAPTO systems transmit torque with a triangular-pyramidal connection to achieve torque-free transmission (see Figure 4). Regardless of the direction of rotation, no self-locking occurs. Due to the special shape of the trigonal circle, the force acting on the connecting surface is symmetrically and evenly distributed, and the contact surface is large, and no stress peak phenomenon occurs. The vibration deformation is small because the surface pressure is low and the wear is also significantly reduced. The KM and HSK are clamped with a steel ball or a snap spring. The steel balls transmit torque and the slip transmits torque and force, which is selective to the direction of rotation (see Figure 2). The structure of the CAPTO system is different from that of the CAPTO system. It adopts a triangular shape to transmit torque without any ball, key or pin, and its structure is simple; while KM and HSK use a steel ball with a sliding track to lock and transmit torque. Parts are relatively complex. Difficulty in processing Different shapes in the CAPTO structure, such as the triangular circle and its matching triangular holes, and testing equipment, are difficult to process because the triangular circle is parallel to a cycloid that is generated with an infinite value. There are curves within limits (see Figure 5). At present, most of China's manufacturers do not yet have processing capabilities, and foreign manufacturers must also use special equipment for production.
Fig.5 Circular Rectangle Curve The machining of retainer and ball slide in the KM and HSK structure has certain difficulties. Among them, the requirements for the material, heat treatment and processing parameters of the retainer are more stringent, otherwise it is easy to cause lock-up. In short, the trigonal circle is a design that is close to ideal, but its processing performance is poor; while the processing of HSK is more popular, and the processing performance is better. 4 Conclusion Practice has proved that the KM, HSK, and CAPTO systems have been used in machining, turning, drilling, boring, and milling operations for over 20 years, and have played a role in improving product accuracy. Nowadays, the 1:10 short-cone system has officially been listed as an international standard in the world and has been widely promoted worldwide. Although it is not yet perfect in some respects, we believe it will continue to lead the new trend of the tool system in the 21st century.
(a) Fastening of the nail from behind
(b) Face fastening
(c) Pull rods to manipulate expansion sleeves for fastening Fig. 1 CAPTO clamping system CAPTO system As shown in Fig. 1, there are three methods for clamping. The first method is applicable to rotary tools used in machining centers, with a center pull screw at the back. The fastening head module is shown in Figure 1 (a); the second method is to fasten the head module from the end face (1b); the third method is to use a tie rod to press an expansion sleeve into the inner groove of the tool. A solid connection is formed, suitable for turning and turning tools for lathes are shown in (1c).
(a) Steel ball locking mechanism
(b) Snap spring locking mechanism Fig. 2 KM, HSK clamping system KM, HSK system Fig. 2, the first type of KM structure, the clamping unit adopts a roller ball rolling system with locking. By rotating the torque screw rod to move in the radial direction, the ball is pushed into the raceway of the cutting unit. The raceway has a 35° cone. The steel ball moves the cutting unit along the cone to the clamping unit, and the press fit under compression is achieved. Achieve double positioning as shown in Figure 2(a). The second type of HSK structure adopts a circlip mechanism to rotate the pull studs, and the use of the guide sleeve causes the deformation of the circlip to achieve double positioning as shown in FIG. 2(b). The motorized locking means no need to use a wrench. The automatic quick change tool system has the processing capability of the tool storage. By activating the signal of the machine control system, the tool can be quickly changed. 3 Features The same point uses a small taper The traditional 7:24 taper shank taper is larger than the short taper taper, taper taper taper handle is easy to process, and its positioning performance is good. Dual positioning
Figure 3 Double positioning In principle, high positioning accuracy can only be achieved with no clearance fit, and the 1:10 short-cone system uses this principle. Under the action of sufficient tension, the use of taper elastic deformation produces an interference fit to achieve double positioning of the end face and the taper. Therefore, its accuracy is high and the connection rigidity is good (see Figure 3). High repeat positioning accuracy It is a high-precision center linear system, its radial, axial repeatability can reach ± ​​0.0025mm 3.1.4 Short tool change time According to the actual measurement, the system tool change time is only 30s. Tool management systemization In view of the small size and light weight of this system, it is convenient for quick change. It is suitable for large-scale machining centers. The tool can be systematically managed and the tool setting and inspection can be unified. Balanced Performance Stable Short-cone design principle strives for stable dynamic balance, that is, when the system approaches high rotation speed and accuracy, the balance performance of the system remains unchanged. The cutting unit of the cooling mechanism in the internal cooling system or the boring tool with the internal cooling unit can greatly increase the tool life. Large clamping force, small locking torque compared with the general taper positioning, the locking force is 5 to 7 times the conventional, and the locking torque 25 handle is 2.5 ~ 3.5N · m, generating a radial pressure of 2.8kN ; 100 handle locking torque is 181.6 ~ 242.7N · m, resulting in a radial pressure of 43.9kN. difference
Figure 4. Axial and radial force distribution torque transmission methods Different CAPTO systems transmit torque with a triangular-pyramidal connection to achieve torque-free transmission (see Figure 4). Regardless of the direction of rotation, no self-locking occurs. Due to the special shape of the trigonal circle, the force acting on the connecting surface is symmetrically and evenly distributed, and the contact surface is large, and no stress peak phenomenon occurs. The vibration deformation is small because the surface pressure is low and the wear is also significantly reduced. The KM and HSK are clamped with a steel ball or a snap spring. The steel balls transmit torque and the slip transmits torque and force, which is selective to the direction of rotation (see Figure 2). The structure of the CAPTO system is different from that of the CAPTO system. It adopts a triangular shape to transmit torque without any ball, key or pin, and its structure is simple; while KM and HSK use a steel ball with a sliding track to lock and transmit torque. Parts are relatively complex. Difficulty in processing Different shapes in the CAPTO structure, such as the triangular circle and its matching triangular holes, and testing equipment, are difficult to process because the triangular circle is parallel to a cycloid that is generated with an infinite value. There are curves within limits (see Figure 5). At present, most of China's manufacturers do not yet have processing capabilities, and foreign manufacturers must also use special equipment for production.
Fig.5 Circular Rectangle Curve The machining of retainer and ball slide in the KM and HSK structure has certain difficulties. Among them, the requirements for the material, heat treatment and processing parameters of the retainer are more stringent, otherwise it is easy to cause lock-up. In short, the trigonal circle is a design that is close to ideal, but its processing performance is poor; while the processing of HSK is more popular, and the processing performance is better. 4 Conclusion Practice has proved that the KM, HSK, and CAPTO systems have been used in machining, turning, drilling, boring, and milling operations for over 20 years, and have played a role in improving product accuracy. Nowadays, the 1:10 short-cone system has officially been listed as an international standard in the world and has been widely promoted worldwide. Although it is not yet perfect in some respects, we believe it will continue to lead the new trend of the tool system in the 21st century.
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