Strategic Thinking on Protective Mining of Rare Metals in China

Most of the rare metal with a high temperature, corrosion resistance, hardness, conductivity, and thermal conductivity and other special properties, is widely used in special steel, heat-resistant alloys, electronic information and other high-tech industries as well as atomic energy, aerospace, defense industry and other sophisticated weapons The field is an internationally recognized strategic resource.

In recent years, the development, utilization, protection and resource competition of rare metals have attracted the attention of governments. The leaders of the State Council of China have also given special instructions to protect China's rare metal resources. The selection of zirconium, tantalum, molybdenum, gallium, indium, germanium, rare earth, lithium, beryllium, titanium, vanadium, niobium, selenium, tellurium, cadmium, bismuth, strontium minerals for a total of 17 study and demonstration. Whether it is a dominant mineral in China, whether it is a dominant mineral in China, whether it is a dominant mineral in China, whether there is serious over-exploitation and excessive export, whether it has an independent deposit to implement effective protection during the mining process. These three basic principles of research, research and determination to further expand the scope of protective mining of specific minerals and provide a scientific basis.

1. Seventeen kinds of mineral uses, reserves and deposits such as rare earth and molybdenum

17 kinds of minerals including zirconium, hafnium, molybdenum, gallium, indium, antimony, rare earth, lithium, antimony, titanium, vanadium, antimony, selenium, tellurium, cadmium, antimony and antimony were selected for research and certification.

(a) é“‹

1. Although it is not a strategic resource, it also has important uses in the high-tech field.

2, domestic bismuth is often associated with lead , zinc , copper , tungsten, molybdenum, tin, etc., but generally does not form a separate deposit.

3, Ca, Mg dross to bismuth during fire refining of lead as a raw material produced in refining, the main domestic production of bismuth, are a byproduct of lead, difficult to implement protective mining.

4. With the continuous increase in copper and lead production, the production of tantalum will inevitably increase. From a global perspective, there is no shortage of resources.

(2) Molybdenum

1. Molybdenum is an important strategic resource and has a wide range of uses in the highly sophisticated fields and the defense industry.

2. Molybdenum is China's dominant mineral. Since a period of time, there have been serious over-exploitation, over-processing and excessive export, production and processing rely heavily on exports, and the loss of strategic resources has been lost. It has not been effectively resolved for a long time, but it has been fully exposed in this financial crisis.

3. Due to the abundant resources, there are new discoveries in mineral exploration almost every year. There are still a large number of large and medium-sized mineral deposits that have not been developed. Under the influence of the financial crisis, the mining, processing and export of molybdenum mines in China are almost at a standstill. Once the market improves, a new round of large-scale expansion of molybdenum mining will begin again. By then, over-exploitation, over-processing and over-exports, as well as severe resource losses, will be more difficult to control.

(3) 铌

1. It is widely used in high-precision cutting-edge technology or fields.

2. There are independent deposits, but due to low grade, the output is limited.

3, 铌 is a shortage of minerals in China, domestic production is far from meeting the demand and requires a large amount of imports.

(4) é’½

1. Tantalum has high melting point, high boiling point, gassing, corrosion resistance, superconductivity, unipolar conductivity, medium and high hardness, ductility, small thermal expansion coefficient, strong toughness, and chemical stability below 150 °C. It has high corrosion resistance and is widely used in related high-tech fields or cutting-edge technologies.

2, generally associated with the occurrence of other deposits, can also form an independent deposit.

3. Yankuang is a shortage of minerals in China. At present, production cannot meet the needs of the domestic market and requires a large amount of imports.

(5) 铍

1. 铍 is a strategic mineral and has important applications in the field of high-precision technology.

2, 铍 can form an independent deposit, and can choose qualified concentrate.

3, domestic production is far less than demand, is a shortage of minerals.

(6) Lithium

1. Lithium has a broad application prospect in the field of new energy, military, high-tech and national defense.

2. The reserves of lithium are second in the world. There are independent deposits in China, and lithium products can be obtained through beneficiation .

3. Compared with developed countries, China's lithium mine production is not large, the product variety is single, and the import volume is greater than the export volume. Whether it is in terms of output or quality, it cannot meet the demand of domestic production.

(seven) zirconium

1. The order of zirconium in various industries is ceramic, glass bulb, refractory and casting, and it is less used in military, high-tech and national defense.

2. Zirconium is a shortage of minerals in China. The zirconium reserves that have been identified in China do not have advantages in the world, and it has become the world's largest importer and consumer of zircon sand.

3. The availability of zircon sand in the world is strong and does not belong to strategic scarce resources.

(8) 锶

1. Yankuang is China's dominant mineral with independent deposits.

2. The number of 锶 mineral production areas is small, the production area is concentrated, and it is easy to manage and control.

3. The oversupply of antimony ore products is a large number of exports.

(9) Vanadium

1. Vanadium is China's dominant mineral, and its reserves have an important position in the world. As an important strategic resource, vanadium has a wide range of uses in high-tech cutting-edge science and military industry.

2. The vanadium independent deposit is mainly vanadium-bearing carbonaceous shale , but there is no mature process technology to extract vanadium from the vanadium-bearing carbonaceous shale on a large scale.

3, vanadium predominantly dispersed fine grains of titanium-shaped magnetic iron ore deposits, large scale, but can not be obtained by physical beneficiation separate phase vanadium, vanadium-containing only iron ore is obtained by smelting iron ore to achieve The separation of vanadium and iron.

(10) Titanium

1. Rutile is mainly used to produce high-grade titanium dioxide. China's rutile production cannot meet the demand for the production of high-grade titanium dioxide, and it will be imported a lot every year.

2. Most of the titanium concentrates separated from the original ilmenite are used to produce low-grade titanium dioxide, and some of the output will be used only for the production of titanium sponge. In the future, the production of titanium concentrate produced in China from the original ilmenite can fully meet the domestic market demand.

3. Since titanium metal is an important strategic material and its production process is very complicated, its production and future large-scale export should receive special attention.

(11) Rare Earth

1. New rare earth prospecting licenses will not be issued nationwide until 2010.

2. It is recommended to continue to jointly carry out the rectification and rectification of the rare earth industry, adjust the industrial structure, reduce the scale of production, and effectively curb the low-level redundant construction of the rare earth industry.

3. Except for a few areas, new mining rights are generally not released; to prevent a new round of capacity expansion, it is recommended that the approval authority for new rare earth construction and expansion projects be included in the central government industry authorities.

4. The discovered rare earth deposits will be included in the national mineral reserve plan.

5. It is forbidden to mine and treat ionic rare earths by the original mine pool leaching method.

6. Reform the export quota management measures for rare earth products, strictly control the export of rare earth primary products, and maintain the export tariffs of rare earth primary products at a level of 10% for a long time.

(12) é”—

1, no separate germanium deposits, primarily in the associated lead-zinc, copper, copper-metal ore, hematite deposits, the coal mine.

2. Although domestic production is much larger than demand, its production is a by-product of comprehensive utilization in other mineral development processes. It is impossible to limit it during the mining process, and it can only reduce exports through state or enterprise reserves.

(13) Gallium

1. Gallium is China's advantageous resource, and it has found that resource reserves account for about 75% of the world's total.

2, gallium is a very dispersed element, generally does not form an independent gallium deposit.

3, by-product mainly in the form of gallium and zinc blende Hydrometallurgy zinc distillation residue of a crude extract from the sodium aluminate solution circulating during the production process bauxite alumina, which belongs to the protected resource utilization problem.

(fourteen) indium

1. Indium is an important strategic mineral and has a wide range of applications in high, fine, and sophisticated technologies and defense industry.

2. It is a typical rare disperse metal, which is only associated with trace minerals such as zinc and tin, and cannot form independent indium deposits (including symbiotic ore).

3. Although there are many mining areas containing indium in China, indium can only be obtained by treating smelting dust or waste residue, and indium concentrate cannot be obtained by conventional beneficiation.

4. At present, the output of indium in China exceeds domestic demand and can only be controlled from the export link, or it can be stored and stored by the National Strategic Materials Reserve Bureau, and cannot be controlled from the mining process.

(15) Cadmium

1. There is no independent cadmium ore, and cadmium is associated with lead-zinc (copper) ore.

2. China's domestic production of cadmium cannot meet demand, and the import volume is far greater than the export volume.

(16) Selenium

1. Selenium has a wide range of uses in high-tech cutting-edge science, especially in the field of information.

2. Selenium mine is a shortage of minerals in China.

3. With the rapid development of the information industry in recent years, the amount of selenium has increased greatly, and domestic production is far from meeting the demand, and a large amount of imports are required every year.

(17) 碲

1. It has an important position in the fields of high, precise and cutting-edge technology and is a strategic mineral.

2. With the development of national defense and high-tech industries, China's consumption demand for antimony ore will increase rapidly.

3. Yankuang has fewer independent deposits in China. Most of the production comes from the comprehensive utilization of the smelting process, and the separation and extraction are more difficult and costly. At the same time, it is distributed in different regions of the country and scattered scattered.

In short: gallium, indium, antimony, antimony, selenium, tellurium, vanadium, and cadmium are rare dispersed metals, generally do not form independent deposits, or although there are a small number of independent deposits, such as vanadium, because of its mineral processing technology , but not yet large-scale development . Most of the current production is mainly from the by-products of the recycling of other minerals, and titanium should also be classified into this type of minerals.

Tantalum, zirconium, niobium and tantalum can generally form independent deposits, but they are short of domestic resources. At present, measures should be taken to promote development, increase production, and address the needs of the domestic market.

The reserves of rare earths, molybdenum, niobium, titanium, tantalum, indium and gallium are among the highest in the world and belong to China's dominant minerals. Among them, rare earth, molybdenum and antimony are mostly independent deposits, but their use in military, high-tech and national defense is not outstanding.

2. Production, import and export of 17 kinds of minerals such as rare earth and molybdenum

According to the statistics of 2007, among the 17 kinds of minerals such as rare earth and molybdenum, the minerals with the highest output in the world are: gallium, indium and rare earth metals, accounting for 13.3%, 78% and 80% respectively; The output of molybdenum is 65,000 tons, which is the third in the world and accounts for 32.5% of the global production. In terms of exports, indium, molybdenum and rare earth exports were 197t, 34,000t and 45,000t respectively, accounting for 70.3%, 23% and 70% of global trade respectively. The average statistics of China's rare metal import and export trade from 2006 to 2008 are shown in Table 1.

Table 1 Statistical Table of Average Import and Export Trade of Rare Metals from 2006 to 2008

The minerals that are imported far more than the export are: tantalum, titanium, zirconium, cadmium, and antimony. The minerals that are exported far more than imported are: rare earth, vanadium, niobium, molybdenum, niobium, tantalum and indium.

Based on the use of rare metals, reserves, types of deposits and import and export data, the following conclusions can be drawn: it is widely used in high-tech, fine-technical and defense technologies, and belongs to China's advantageous minerals. The export volume is much larger than the import volume. With independent deposits, effective protective measures can be implemented during the mining process. Only three rare metals, rare earth and molybdenum, meet these three principles.

Third, the existing problems

(1) In terms of industrial development, China is a major producer and supplier of rare metals in the world. Rare metals are abundant and the types are relatively complete. Most of the products with superior resources are used for export. China's rare metal industry is generally scattered, the scale of enterprises is small, and primary products are mainly exported. Due to the small scale of production, some enterprises still adopt the production process that is explicitly eliminated, the environmental management is backward, the pollution is serious, the development of deep processing products lags behind, and the added value of products is low. The primary smelting and processing capacity is blindly expanding, and the production capacity is seriously over-supplied, which has a very negative impact on upstream mining and downstream product export supervision.

(2) In terms of resource development, it is difficult to effectively control the total amount of mining due to factors such as market interest, local protection and excessive smelting and processing capacity. Unlawful exploration and mining and indiscriminate excavation and other violations have occurred in some areas. The situation of mining, mining, and mining has not been fundamentally improved. It is necessary to further strengthen the mining order and resource integration.

(3) In terms of industry management, China's management of the rare metal industry has been continuously strengthened in recent years. In terms of production management, in 1991, tungsten, tin, antimony and ionic rare earths were specified for protective mining of specific minerals. In recent years, total production of tungsten and rare earth products has been controlled, and the total production control of plutonium is being tightened. However, there is no specific effective management method for molybdenum and other rare dispersed metals, especially the lack of relevant laws and regulations for the implementation of common and associated resource management, resulting in passive domestic industry management and foreign counterpart work. .

(4) In terms of export management, export quota management for tungsten, tin, rare earth, antimony, molybdenum, indium and antimony products, and export licenses for rare metal commodities of 21 categories and 79 tax numbers such as zirconium, strontium and barium management. Export management methods are limited, and business and customs supervision is difficult. Loose domestic production management and strict management of exports, triggering trade disputes.

Due to the variety of rare metals, the number of single-batch exports is small, and some varieties are small in size and high in value. It is difficult to identify product quality and content, and customs supervision is difficult. With the introduction of measures to increase export control, the spread of rare metals at home and abroad is more obvious, and smuggling activities have increased. In addition, under the premise that domestic production and consumption have no restrictive policies, further restrictions on rare metal export measures and WTO rules are inconsistent with my personal commitments, and there are institutional obstacles.

Fourth, policy recommendations

(1) Strengthen the production, operation and management of protective mining and strictly control mining and processing. First, promote resource development and integration, accelerate the formation of large-scale enterprise groups, and increase industrial concentration. The second is to strengthen the department's supervisory responsibilities, implement differentiated management of the advantages and scarce metal varieties, implement annual total mining control for special rare metal minerals, and distribute its total mining control indicators to major producing areas and even major mining areas. Smelting and processing shall be subject to production license management; increase the threshold for entry, eliminate backward production capacity, and transfer the approval authority for rare metal smelting and processing projects from the local authorities. The third is to adjust the relationship between supply and demand in the market, implement the national industrial policy, link with the annual inspection of mining enterprises, strengthen the coordination of departments, strictly supervise and inspect the implementation of total mining control by mining enterprises, and promote the sustainable use of resources. The fourth is to do a good job in dynamic monitoring of mine reserves and mining rights verification, providing basic support for scientific regulation of the total amount of mineral resources.

(2) Strictly control the export of strategic rare metals. The first is to strictly control special rare metal products and reduce export control measures such as export, quota management and export tariffs. The second is to gradually reduce the total export volume of quota management varieties. The third is to increase the crackdown on smuggling exports. The fourth is to study the countermeasures related to foreign inquiry in advance and prepare for dealing with trade disputes.

(3) Appropriately increase the national reserve of rare metals. The first is to further increase the strategic reserve of rare metals. Increase the implementation of the strategic reserve of rare metals in the Ten-Year Plan for National Material Reserves. Based on the domestic resource situation and market conditions, study the feasibility of further improving the strategic reserve target of rare metals. The second is to establish a mineral reserve system, to retain specific mining areas without mining, and to control over-exploitation of superior resources. The third is to study the reserves, processing and utilization and import of rare metals associated with them, to control exports and prevent the outflow of resources.

(4) Improve relevant laws and regulations. In the proposed "Mineral Resources Law", China's "Strategic Resource Reserve Law" and the introduction of supporting management regulations will be promulgated as soon as possible, and specific minerals, production quota management, export management policies for rare metal conservation mining, and external management policies will be defined in the form of regulations. Announced to protect China's rare metal resources in accordance with the law.

(5) Moderately reduce the exploration intensity of rare metal resources. Strictly identify the open system of resource reserves and do a good job in information confidentiality. Improve the geological exploration system and mechanism, standardize the spatial order of mineral resources exploration, promote the orderly exploration of mineral resources, and lay a resource base for economic and social development. In the future land and resources survey project, there will be no more strategic exploration projects for rare metal resources.

(6) Based on innovation, continuously improve the comprehensive utilization level of rare metals. The scientific and technological innovation will be integrated into the whole process of mining, utilization and protection, and the supporting capacity of mining technology will be improved. Strengthen the conservation and comprehensive utilization of mineral resources, promote the comprehensive exploration and comprehensive utilization of low-grade and associated mineral resources, and improve the mining rate of mineral resources, the recovery rate of mineral processing and the comprehensive utilization rate. Develop circular economy in the field of mineral resources, promote the comprehensive utilization of mine waste, improve the level of resource development and utilization, and promote the sustainable development of mining, clean, safe and safe. Expand the use of rare metals in the field of high-tech, change the surplus of primary products, the shortage of high-end products, and improve product quality.

(7) Actively participate in international mining cooperation. Deepen the international cooperation in the exploration and development of mineral resources, promote the mining companies in China to go overseas, and introduce the advanced technology and management experience of foreign mining under the premise of protecting rare metals in China, and the level of research and development of rare metals should be in line with international standards.

(8) Improve the system and establish a guarantee system for planning and implementation. Comprehensively use various methods such as law, economy, administration and science and technology to establish and improve a new mechanism for mineral resources exploration and development management, establish a system for planning implementation target responsibility, planning review and planning implementation supervision and inspection, and play a role in guiding and restraining the planning. Establish a planning implementation guarantee system. Construct incentive and restraint mechanisms for planning implementation, strengthen planning infrastructure, expand planning for democratic decision-making and public participation, and ensure the realization of rare metal conservation mining planning goals.

Shock Absorber:

It is also called damper or insert,and metal absorber in some countries,to accelerate the attenuation frame and body vibration, to improve vehicle ride comfort.

When passing uneven road, although the shock absorption spring can filter road vibration, but the spring itself will have the reciprocating motion, and the Shock Absorber is used to inhibit this spring. The shock absorber is too soft, the body will jump up and down, the shock absorber is too hard will bring too much resistance, impede the normal work of the spring. In the modified process on the suspension system, shock absorber hard to collocation with hard spring, and spring the hardness and weight are closely related, so the heavier vehicles generally use the hard shock absorber and guiding device. The crankshaft torsional shock phase, to compete with the crankshaft (impact force by cylinder ignition and twist the crankshaft at Like).

Principle Of Operation:

The vehicle suspension system vibration due to the elastic element by the impact, in order to improve the ride comfort, suspension and elastic elements arranged in parallel for the attenuation of shock absorber, vibration, vehicle suspension system with shock absorber is hydraulic damper, its working principle is when the frame (or body) and between the axle vibration and relative rotation the shock absorber piston, move up and down, the oil shock absorber cavity will be repeated from one cavity through different pore flow into another cavity. The hole wall and the friction between oil and oil internal friction between the molecules of vibration damping force, so that the automobile vibration energy is converted into oil the heat absorbed by the shock absorber, and then emitted to the atmosphere. In the same oil channel section and factors such as damping force with the frame and the axle (or wheel) or the velocity of relative movement, and with oil viscosity.

all and the friction between oil and oil internal friction between the molecules of vibration damping force, so that the automobile vibration energy is converted into oil the heat absorbed by the shock absorber, and then emitted to the atmosphere. In the same oil channel section and factors such as damping force with the frame and the axle (or wheel) or the velocity of relative movement, and with oil viscosity.

Working conditions:

1. Room temperature 10 DEG -35 DEG range, relative humidity is less than 80%;

2. To be installed on a solid foundation or bench;

3. In the environment of absence from vibration;

4. The surrounding non corrosive medium;

5. The fluctuation range of the power supply voltage should not exceed the rated electric pressure + 10%;

6. The power of the testing machine should be grounded and reliable; frequency fluctuations should not exceed the rated frequency of 2%.

Shock Absorber

Rubber Absorber,Cars Shock Absorber,Metal Absorber,Adjustable Absorber

VESTA Motoring Ltd , https://www.vesta-industry.com